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Miscellaneous

Posted by an@w on 2:56 AM in
31. The provisions of this Law shall not apply to State-owed Economic Organizations.

32. License holders have the right to form associations relating to their enterprise only by registering in accordance with the Myanmar Companies Act.

33. Offences prosecuted under this Law are prescribed as cognizable offences.

34. During the period in which the Government has not been able to form the Directorate under12, the duties and powers of the said Directorate shall be performed and exercised by the Directorate of Trade.

35. No suit or prosecution shall lie against any public servant for anything, which is done in good faith in pursuance of this Law.

36. For implementing the provisions of this Law, the Ministry concerned-

may with the approval of the Government, issue necessary procedures;
may issue necessary orders and directives.



(Sd.) Saw Maung
Senior General
Chairman
The State Law and Order Restoration Council

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Offences and Penalties

Posted by an@w on 2:56 AM in
26. Whoever violates the provision of section 22 shall, on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years or with fine which may extend to kyats 30,000 or with both.

27. A license-holder who violates the provision of section 23 shall, on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years or with fine which may extend to kyats 20,000 or with both.

28. Whoever violates the provision of section 24 shall, on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years or with fine which may extend to kyats 20,000 or with both.

29. Whoever violates provision of section 25 may, oil conviction be punished with fine which may extend to kyats 10,000.

30. Whoever abets or attempts or conspires in the commission of any offence under this Law shall be punished with the punishment provided for that offence in this Law,

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Prohibitions

Posted by an@w on 2:55 AM in
22. No one shall engage in any tourism industry under section 6 or section 7 without a license.

23. A license-holder-

shall not violate any condition contained in the license;

shall not violate any prohibition contained in an order, notification or directive issued from time to time by the Commission or the Directorate.

24. No one shall interfere or obstruct the Inspector in the discharge of his duties.

25. No one shall form an association relating to the tourism industry without registering in accordance with the Myanmar Companies Act.

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Appeals

Posted by an@w on 2:54 AM in
20. An applicant for a license or a license-holder dissatisfied with the order or decision passed by the Directorate may file an appeal to the Minister concerned within 30 days of the receipt of such order or decision.

21. The decision of the Minister concerned shall be final.

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Invalidation of License

Posted by an@w on 2:54 AM in
17. The License is invalidated when any of the following events occur:

death of the license-bolder;

expiry of the term of the license;

revocation or cancellation of the license;

surrender of the license by the license-holder when he wishes to discontinue his business.

18. If the Directorate finds after investigation that the license-holder has discontinued his business, the said license may be deemed to have become invalidated.

19. The license-holder shall surrender the license invalidated under section 17 to the Directorate or the State/Division, Township Zone or Township Office of the Directorate within 15 days from the date on which it was invalidated.

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Inspection and Taking of Action

Posted by an@w on 2:53 AM in
15. The Inspector shall carry out the following duties: -

inspecting the tourism industry within the area for which he has undertaken responsibility or within the area specially assigned and investigating as may be necessary;
taking action in accordance with the procedures against a person who has violated any prohibition contained in this Law;
carrying out duties assigned from time to time by the Directorate.

16. The powers of the Inspector are as follows: -

calling for and copying records, accounts and other supporting documents relating to the industry, and inspecting articles relating to the industry in order to examine whether or not a license-holder has complied with the conditions of the license;
having the right to examine in accordance with this Law any building, vehicle or person relating to the tourism industry.

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Formation, Duties and Powers of the Directorate

Posted by an@w on 2:52 AM in
12. In order to operate the Tourism Industry systematically in accordance with the provision of this Law, the government shall form a Directorate

13. The duties and powers of the Directorate are as follows: -

carrying out in accordance with the policies laid down by the Commission;
implementing for the systematic development of the tourism industry;
carrying out for the promotion of the tourism industry;
carrying out to improve the quality and to raise the standard of tourism industry and to disseminate technical knowledge relating thereto;
supervising the tourism industry in accordance with the provisions of this Law;
prescribing and revising the license fee and
other taxes and duties;
issuing, refusing, suspending, revoking or canceling the license;
appointing Inspectors to inspect the tourism industry;
carrying out the duties and powers assigned from time to time by the Commission and the Ministry concerned.

14. The Directorate may, in consultation with the departments concerned stipulate conditions relating to foreign currency earned by the license-holder from the tourism industry.

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Duties and Rights of the License-holder

Posted by an@w on 2:51 AM in
8. The license-holder shall pay the license fee and other duties and taxes prescribed by the Directorate.

9. The license-holder shall abide by the conditions contained in the license.

10. The license-holder shall abide by the order, notification and directives issued from time to time by the Commission or the Directorate,

11. The license-holder dissatisfied with the order or decision of the Directorate relating to the license has the right to file an appeal to the Minister of the Ministry concerned.

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Application for License

Posted by an@w on 2:50 AM in
6. A person desirous of operating any of the following businesses of tourism industry for international tourists or foreign visitors shall apply for a license to the Directorate in the prescribed form-

(a) Tourist Enterprise;

(b) Hotel Business;

(c) Lodging-House Business;

(a) Tourist transport Business;

(e) Tour Guide Business;

(f) Businesses prescribed from time to time as a Tourism Industry by the Commission.

7. The Directorate may prescribe the types of business to be operated under a license for domestic tourists from among the businesses contained in section 6.

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Formation, Duties and Powers of the Commission

Posted by an@w on 2:49 AM in
The Government shall, by notification form the Myanmar Tourism Commission

The duties and powers of the Commission are as follows: -

laying down the policies of Tourism;
causing the implementation of the systematic development of the to tourism industry;
designating of areas in which cultural and natural heritage exist as tourism zones;
giving guidelines for international relations with regard to the tourism industry;
giving guidelines for improving the quality and raising the standard of tourism industry and dissemination of technical knowledge relating thereto;
determining an economic enterprise operating any of the services such as health, knowledge, recreation, and entertainment for tourists as a tourism industry;
submitting to the government from time to time the activities carried out;
carrying out the duties and powers assigned from time to time by the Government.

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Basic Principles

Posted by an@w on 2:48 AM in
Tourism industry shall be operated in accordance with the following basic principles: -

prevention of infringement of the sovereignty and security of the State;
betterment of the interests of Myanmar and its citizens;
contributing to the friendship, understanding and unity of the national races through tourism industry;
preservation and development of ancient historical sites and monuments, traditional arts and custom of the national races, which are the cultural heritage of Myanmar;
preservation and development of natural scenic beauty and natural environmental heritage of Myanmar;
contributing to international friendship and understanding through tourism industry;
development of technical knowledge relating to tourism industry and opening up of more employment opportunities;
providing security and satisfaction of tourists.

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Title and Definition

Posted by an@w on 2:47 AM in
1. This Law shall be called the Myanmar Tourism Law.

2. The following expressions contained in this Law shall have the meanings given hereunder

Tourist means a person travelling from his place of residence to another place for a visit. This expression also includes a domestic tourist, international tourist and a foreign visitor;

Tourism Industry includes tourist enterprise, hotel business, lodging-house business, tourist transport business, tour guide business and business which are prescribed by the Myanmar Tourism Commission as tourism industry;

Tourist Enterprise means an economic enterprise which a tour operator business or travel agency business or both;

Hotel Business means an economic enterprise, which provides accommodation and food, beverage and other services for tourists. This expression also includes restaurant business opened at the hotel or within its premises;

Lodging House Business means an economic enterprise, which provides only accommodation for tourists. This expression also includes guesthouse business, boarding-house business or similar lodging business;

Tourist Transport Business means an economic enterprise, which provides transport to tourists within a town or from one town to another or to any locality within the country;

Tour Guide Business means an economic enterprise, which provides tour service to tourists;

Commission means the Myanmar Tourism Commission formed under this Law;

Directorate means the Directorate formed by the Government under this Law;

Inspector means the Directorate or a person assigned by the Directorate in order to inspect tourism industry contained in this Law;
License means a permit issued by the Directorate to operate any t~in5m industry;
License-ho1der means a person who has the right to operate any tourism industry under this Law

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Burmese Women Not Allowed to Marry Foreigners

Posted by an@w on 3:20 AM in
Burmese authorities have been instructed by the government to block marriage ceremonies between Burmese women and foreign men, according to legal sources.

Burmese law allows marriages between Burmese citizens and foreigners, provided they give divisional courts 21 days notice.
“That law is now being suspended on the instructions of the government,” legal adviser Aung Thein told The Irrawaddy.

Aung Thein suggested the suspension of the law could be aimed at preventing human trafficking, but he described it as unfair. “It will prohibit the rights of couples if they truly love each other and want to get formally married,” he said.

The Rangoon journal Flower News journal reported this month that local brokers were involved with foreigners in trafficking Burmese women.

Lawyer Kyaw Hoe, said the suspension of the marriage law dates back to an incident five years ago when a young woman committed suicide after being forced by her parents to marry a foreigner.

“Since then all legal practitioners, including notaries, have not been allowed to officiate marriages between foreigners and Burmese women,” Kyaw Hoe said.

A well known Mandalay woman writer on social issues said Burmese should be free to marry whomever they wished. “I don't have any objection as long as it is not human trafficking,” she told The Irrawaddy, anonymously.

A representative of a Rangoon-based Myanmar Women Entrepreneurs' Association pointed out that Burmese women abroad had the right to marry whomever they liked.

A Burmese woman who married a foreigner 11 years ago and now lives in Thailand said: “What is most important is understanding and loyalty to each other. Race or religion don't matter.”

1

Myanmar Customs, Currency and Airport Tax regulations details

Customs Rules
Import regulations::

Free import:
- 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 1/2 lb. of tobacco;
- one quart of alcoholic liquor;
- one pint bottle of perfume or Eau de Cologne.
Additional Information on regulations::

All jewellery, electrical goods and cameras must be declared to customs at the airport. Video cameras will be kept in safe custody at the airport and will be returned on departure.
Export regulations::

The export of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages is only allowed with a licence. Travel souvenirs and all imported goods require an export permit.
Crew members customs regulations::

Same regulations as for passengers apply.
Pets::

Pets may accompany passenger provided they are accompanied by a health certificate.
Baggage Clearance regulations::

Baggage is cleared at the international airport in Myanmar.


Airport Embarkation Tax

Airport Tax is levied on all passengers leaving Myanmar on international flights: USD 10.-.
Place of payment: Yangon Airport.
Exempt:
1. Transit passengers who continue their journey by the same aircraft.
2. Crew members on duty.



Currency rules

Local currency (Myanmar Kyat-MMK): prohibited from both import or export.
Currency Import regulations:

Foreign currencies: unlimited, provided declared upon arrival. Additional information: Alien residents of Myanmar (including foreigners entering Myanmar on a visa for a period of stay exceeding six months) and nationals of Myanmar must change their imported foreign currencies within one month after arrival at an authorized dealer/money changer.
Currency Export regulations:

Residents: foreign currencies: up to the equivalent of MMK 50.-; Non-residents: foreign currencies: if staying in Myanmar
- during 6 months or less: up to the amount imported and declared. Only 1/4 of foreign currencies changed into MMK may be reconverted when leaving Myanmar. If traveller's cheques are cashed, only 1/4 of last cheque may be reconverted.
- more than 6 months: up to the equivalent of MMK 50.-.

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Miscellaneous

Posted by an@w on 3:55 AM in
23. With respect to donation of the eye, which is part of the body organ, it shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions contained in the Eye Donation Law.
24. The Ministry of Health may form necessary working committees.
25. The Ministry of Health:- (a) shall bear the expenditures of the Committee; (b) shall undertake to carry out theoffice work of the 'Committee.26. No suit or prosecution shall lie against the person who is authorized to remove the body organ for any activity which is done in good faith under this Law.
27. The provisions contained in section 21 shall not apply to the matters carried out in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed by the Committee.
28. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Law': -
(a) the Ministry of Health may issue such rules and procedures as may be necessary, with the approval of the Government;
(b) the Committee and the Ministry of Health may issue such notifications, orders and directives as may be necessary.

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Offences and Penalties

Posted by an@w on 3:54 AM in
21. Whoever sells or buys the body organ for consideration shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, and may also be liable to a fine.
22. Whoever abets the commission of the offence provided in section 21 shall. on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term wh~chmay extend to three years, and may also be liable to a fine.

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Storage and Distribution of the Body Organ

Posted by an@w on 3:54 AM in
19. The receiving unit shall store the body organ which is removed in accordance with the stioulations.
20. The receiving unit shall carry out the following in accordance with the stipulations : -
(a) distribution of the body organ that has been received for transplant;
(b) distribution of the body organ which is of no use in transplant for educational purpose or research.

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Removal of the Body Organ

Posted by an@w on 3:53 AM in
15. Only the expert or technician who is prescribed by the Ministry of Health is authorized to remove the body organ.
16. A person who is authorized to remove the body organ has the right to remove the body organ of any of the following persons : -
(a) person who donated his body organ;
(b) unclaimed body of the deceased;
(c) the deceased person whose body organ has been donated by the surviving wife, husband, son or daughter, parent, brother, sister or one of the relatives under section 10.
17. The police surgeon shall, if requested by the person who is authorized to remove the body organ, permit the removal of the body organ of the deceased person involved in any crime. However, it shall not ,permit on the
occurrence of any of the following : -
.
(a) being a person who prior to h ~ sdeath has written s letter of having no desire to donate the body organ;
(b) in completeness of the post-mortem examination by the relevant police surgeon of the body organ to be removed;
(c) objection by the surviving wife, husband, son or daughter, parent, brother, sister or one of the relatives.
18. On being informed under section 13, the receiving unit shall arrange to remove or take away the body organ within the prescribed time.

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Donation of Body Organ

Posted by an@w on 3:51 AM in
A person who has attained the age of 18 may donate his own body organ.
10. The surviving wife, husband, son or daughter, parent, brother, sister or one of the relatives may donate the deceased's body organ if there is no objection in the family.11. The receiving unit may accept donation of the body organ in accordance with the stipulations.
12..The receiving unit on accepting the donation of the body organ shall:-register the donor's name and particulars in the body organ donors' register;
issue body organ donor card to the donor or the surviving wife, husband, son or daughter, parent, brother, sister or one of the relatives who donated the body organ.The b o d y organ donor may, by surrendering the body organ donor card inform the receiving unit to cancel the donation of the body organ.
If the receiving unit is informed unders sub-section (a), it shall cancel the name of the donor from the body organ donors' register.

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Functions and Duties of the Committee relating

Posted by an@w on 3:50 AM in
The functions and duties of the Committee are as follows :-
(a) laying down the policy for carrying out successfully the work of donation of body organ in accordance with theaims of this Law;
A member of the Committee relating to Donation of Body Organ who is
5. not a Government servant is entitled to receive remuneration prescribed by the Ministry of Health.
6.
(b) giving guidance for carrying out educative measures in order to enhance the number of body organ donors;
(c) giving guidance to be systematic in respect of quality control, procurement, storage and issuance ot body organs;
(d) in carrying out body organ transplant giving guidance for cond~lcting research and educational measures relating to the said task;
(e) carrying out measures to nurture expert and research personnel and technicians for body organ transplant;
(f) giving guidance and supervising the functions relating to donation of body organ;
(g) stipulating terms and conditions for exporting body organs to other countries and importing body organs from other countries;
(h) obtaining assistance from the government departments and organizations, international organizations, local and international non-governmental organizations, local and foreign companies, individuals and accepting donations and equipment, maintaining systematically, allocating and permitting use of them.
7. The Committee may direct the relevant Department to determine the receiving units in areas needing the same.
8. The Committee may form technical working committee as may be necessary, and determine duties and functions thereof.

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Formation of the Committee relating

Posted by an@w on 3:49 AM in
The Government:-
(a) shall form the Committee relating to Donation of Body Organ consisting of the following persons:-
(1) Minister The Ministry of Health
Chairman
(2) Representatives from the relevant Government Members developments and organizations
(3) Appropriate experts and professional personnel
(4) A person assigned responsibility by the Minister of the Ministry of Health
Members Secretary
(b) may if necessary, determine a Vice-Chairman and a Joint Secretary in the Committee.
5. not a Government servant is entitled to receive remuneration prescribed by the Ministry of Health.

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Aims

Posted by an@w on 3:48 AM in
The aims of this Law are as follows : -
(a) to enable saving the life of the person who is required to undergo body organ transplant by application of body organ transplant extensively;
(b) to cause rehabilitation of disabled persons due to disfunctioning of body organ through body organ transplant;
(c) to enable carrying out research and educational measures related to body organ transplant;
(d) to enable increasing the number of body organ donors;
(e) to cooperate and to obtain assistance from government departments and organizations, international organizations, local and international non-governmental organizations, companies and individuals in body organ transplant.

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Title and Definition

Posted by an@w on 3:49 AM in
This Law shall be called the Body Organ Donation Law.
2. The following expressions contained in this Law shall' have the meanings given hereunder :-
(a) BodyOrgan means any part of the body composed in the human body. This expression also includes the whole of the human body;
(b) Death means the condition of termination of all brain functions of a person;
(c) Body Organ Donor means a person who has authorized to remove any body organ, if there is no danger to life by removal of suc? organ. or a person who has given prior consent to remove his body organ after death;
(d) Person who is Authorized to Procure the Body Organ means a person prescribed by the Ministry of Health under this Law as the person authorized to remove body organ;
(e) Removal of the Body Organ means .removing the body organ by the person authorized in accordance with the stipulations;
(f) Receiving Unit means the unit which receives donation of the body organ;
(g) Committee means the committee relating to Donation of Body Organ, formed under section 4 of this Law.

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Religious and Customary Law

Posted by an@w on 3:42 AM
When Burma was included in India as a part of the British empire, there was a question as to whether the principle of international law in relation to Buddhist Law would apply in deciding the validity of marriages between Burmese Bud- dhists and Muslims or Hindus. The answer was beset with difficulties, as there was no provision regarding mixed marriages in section 13 of the Burma Laws Act of 1898. The courts in Burma had been frequently called upon to decide the validity of mixed marriages, especially when questions arising from divorce or succession were involved. In fact, no marriage is legally possible between a Mus- lim man and a Buddhist woman or vice versa. If there is a conversion to Islam however, a legal marriage can be contracted with any person irrespective of his or her previous religion.17 The Holy Koran permits polygamy as a legal institu- tion: a man may have up to four wives.18 During colonial rule in Burma, most Muslim men who could afford more than one wife took Burmese women as their wives, in addition to their Muslim wives. This did not raise any legal ques- tions, however Burmese wives lost all rights which they had as Burmese women, such as joint ownership of property and a preferential right to inherit. The legal questions only arose when cases of divorce were brought to the courts. The Holy Koran makes no provision for wives to divorce their husbands (a right normally reserved to husbands) except when they fear abuse.19 The Burma Laws Act of 1898, remaining in force even today, allows Islamic Law to form the rule of decision in such cases.20
In mixed marriages between Burmese Buddhist women and Hindus, Burmese women were in a worse position. Many Indians migrated to Burma and it often happened that Burmese women, not knowing anything about Hindu Law and customs, married with Hindu men and subsequently lost all the rights conferred on them by Burmese customary law.
The Sikhs in Burma were governed by Hindu Law. Although the Sikh religion is a blend of Hinduism and Islam, its basic tenets are similar to those of Hinduism (however without caste distinctions).
Section 13 of the Burma Laws Act of 1898 says nothing of the law applicable to Christians, as most of their cases were regulated by British law. According to Christian Marriage Act XV of 1872, a legal marriage between a Burmese Bud- dhist and a Christian could be contracted either by means of a Christian reli- gious ceremony or by civil contract before a Registrar. Under this Act, conver- sion was not necessary but a Buddhist could not sue a Christian for a divorce under the Indian Divorce Act.
By section 13, Burmese Customary Law became the Buddhist Law. As a result, Burmese society was divided into a number of religions as well as being geo- graphically divided by other regulations. As the society was thus divided, com- munities were strongly entrenched by religion.
This situation was known to the colonial government as well as to Burmese na- tionalists and judges. As a result, the Special Marriage Act of 1872 was amended in 1923, making intermarriage easier. This was a step forward but still not en- tirely satisfactory. Hence, a new Act came into force in 1939,21 the predecessor of the Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act which was drafted and passed by parliament in 1954,22 the only Special Marriage Act in Asia which protects the rights of Buddhist women. Section 21 of this Act made provisions for the registration of marriage, thereby greatly improving the posi- tion of the Buddhist woman who marries a non-Buddhist man. If a non- Buddhist man and a Buddhist woman live together in such manner as would raise the presumption that they are man and wife by Burmese custom, the Act establishes that they are lawfully married from the time they started to live to- gether, even if there is no written document or registration. In such a case, they can formalize the marriage by registration or they can live together as presumed by the Act. Either way, their marriage is governed by Burmese Customary Law.23
The Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act says the following with regard to conversion: If a woman who is a citizen of Burma converts to Buddhism while she is married, then the whole family comes under Burmese customary law.
While the different religions in Burma were given the freedom to settle affairs through their own laws, the accountability of any religious trust (not only of Buddhist monasteries and pagodas, but also of mosques, churches, synagogues and Hindu temples) was ensured by Section 92 of the Civil Procedure Code of 1909.24

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Law, Religion and the British

Posted by an@w on 3:41 AM
When the British further developed the administration of civil justice in Burma, Buddhist Law first appeared in section 6 of the Burma Courts Act of 1872.5 This section made Buddhist Law the guide of the British courts in Burma, espe- cially when they had to deal with succession, inheritance or marriage in cases where both parties were Buddhists. The section did however not apply to Bud- dhist laws that had been altered or abolished by legislative enactment, or to Buddhist laws that were opposed to any custom having the force of law in Brit- ish Burma.
A similar provision was again made in the Burma Act of 1889. In all these Acts, however, no provisions were made with respect to other religions. This is sur- prising because colonial rule brought with it a large number of people from China and India. The resulting variety of religions needed accommodation in laws, but this was mentioned only briefly in the Burma Laws Act of 1898. This Act was not comprehensive but made Buddhist Law (Burmese Customary Law) a statutory, religious and non-territorial law.
The preservation of Islamic Law was not complete. Apart from the Shariat Acts, the effect of Islamic Law was to apply this only to gift in Madhya Pradesh, East and West Punjab, Ajmer-Merwara and Oudh. It was also applied as the law of the parties or of the defendant in the Mufassal of Bombay and the Courts of Rangoon. But it was not applied in the rest of Burma. Some courts in India had applied Islamic Law to gifts as the rule of justice, equity and good conscience. The Rangoon High Court held that this was an erroneous assumption. The rea- son for this decision was as follows: in Burma, Islamic Law was applied to gifts not as a rule of Islamic Law but as a rule of justice, equity and good conscience. There was no rule of Islamic Law to be saved by section 129 of the Transfer of Property Act, which did not operate to save a rule of justice, equity and good conscience. Therefore section 123 applied.6 Similarly, the preservation of Buddhist Law was not complete. As in India, not all people in Burma were Buddhists: there were also Hindus, Muslims, Portu- guese and Armenian Christians, Parsees, Sikhs, Jains and Jews. The tendency of the Burmese Courts was to apply to all these groups the principles of Warren Hastings’ rule, in so far as they showed a disposition to place themselves under British law.

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The Body Organ Donation Law

Posted by an@w on 3:46 AM in
(The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 112004) The 14th Waning Day of Tabodwe, 1365 h . ~ .
( 19th February, 2004 ) The State Peace and Development Council hereby enacts the following
Law : -
CHAPTER I Title and Definition
1. This Law shall be called the Body Organ Donation Law.
2. The following expressions contained in this Law shall' have the meanings given hereunder :-
(a) BodyOrgan means any part of the body composed in the human body. This expression also includes the whole of the human body;
(b) Death means the condition of termination of all brain functions of a person;
(c) Body Organ Donor means a person who has authorized to remove any body organ, if there is no danger to life by removal of suc? organ. or a person who has given prior consent to remove his body organ after death;
(d) Person who is Authorized to Procure the Body Organ means a person prescribed by the Ministry of Health under this Law as the person authorized to remove body organ;
(e) Removal of the Body Organ means .removing the body organ by the person authorized in accordance with the stipulations;
(f) Receiving Unit means the unit which receives donation of the body organ;
(g) Committee means the committee relating to Donation of Body Organ, formed under section 4 of this Law.

0
Posted by an@w on 11:32 PM in


0

ဟာသေလးမ်ား

Posted by an@w on 11:30 PM in
ေ႐ွ႕ေန ။ ။တရားသူၾကီးခင္ဗ်ာ
ကႊ်န္ေတာ့အမႈသည္ဟာ႐ိုးတဲ႕ အျပင္ အတာကပိုပါေသးတယ္
လက္ထိုးေပးရင္ေတာင္ကိုက္တတ္တဲ႕ လူမဟုတ္ပါဘူး
ဒီလိုလူက ဒီျပစ္မႈကိုက်ဳးလြန္တယ္ဆိုတာလံုး၀ မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါေၾကာင္း
ေလွ်ာက္ထားအပ္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ာ။
အမႈသည္ ။ ။ေ႐ွ႕ေနၾကီးေျပာမွပဲ ကြ်န္ေတာ္-ကိုယ့္ ကိုယ္ကိုယ္ ႐ိုးအမွန္းသိရတာ ဒါနဲ႕ေတာင္ ဒီျပစ္မႈ ကိုက်ဳးလြန္ရဲေသးတယ္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္မိုက္လံုးၾကီးတာပါဗ်ာ

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ကိုယ္၀န္ဖ်က္ခ်ျခင္း

ျပစ္မႈဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ ပုဒ္မ - ၃၂၁ အေၾကာင္း ေလ့လာၾကရေအာင္ပါ - မည္သူမဆို ကိုယ္၀န္ေဆာင္မိန္းမရဲ႕ အသက္ကို ကယ္ဆယ္လိုေသာသေဘာ႐ိုးျဖင့္ မဟုတ္ဘဲ ကိုယ္၀န္ေဆာင္မိန္းမကို ကိုယ္၀န္ပ်က္ေစရန္ လုပ္ရင္ သံုးႏွစ္ထိေထာင္ဒဏ္ (သို႕)ေငြဒဏ္(သို႕)ႏွစ္ရပ္လံဳးျဖစ္ေစ ခ်မွတ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

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အစုစပ္လုပ္ငန္း စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္ မည္ဆိုလွ်င္


အစုစပ္လုပ္ကိုင္တယ္ဆုိတာ လူအမ်ားဟာ မိမိတို႕ရဲ႕ ပစၥည္း လုပ္အားနဲ႕ က်ြမ္းက်င္မႈေတြကို စုေပါင္းလုပ္ကိုင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာက ရရွိလာတဲ႕ အျမတ္ ေ၀စုကို ခြဲေ၀ယူၾကစို႕ သေဘာတူသူ တစ္ဦးနဲ႕တစ္ဦး ဆက္ဆံျခင္း ကိုဆိုလိုတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
- အစုစပ္လုပ္ငန္းမွာ ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးခ်င္းကို အစုစပ္လုပ္ကိုင္သူလို႕ေခၚတယ္။
- လုပ္ငန္းကိုေတာ့ အစုစပ္လုပ္ငန္းလို႕ ေခၚတယ္။ လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ကိုင္ေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ့အမည္ကို အစုစပ္လုပ္ငန္းအမည္လို႕ေခၚတယ္

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ေသတမ္းစာ စာခ်ဳပ္ေရးမည္ဆိုလွ်င္


ေသတမ္းစာေရးခြင့္ရွိတဲ့ ဘာသာက ဘာသာ၀င္ေတြသာ ေသတမ္းစာေရးခြင့္ရွိတာပါ။
ျမန္မာ့ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္းဥေပေဒအရကေတာ့ ေသတမ္းစာေရးခြင့္ မရွိပါ။
တကယ္ေတာ့ ေသတမ္းစာဆိုတာ ၄င္းပိုင္ပစၥည္းေတြကို ဘယ္သူ႕ကို ဘယ္လိုခြဲေ၀ေပးဖို႕ဆိုျပီး ဥပေဒနဲ႕အညီ စီမံေရးသားထားတဲ့စာတစ္မ်ိဳးပါပဲ။
၁) ႐ူးသြပ္သူ၊အ႐ြယ္မေရာက္ေသးသူ မဟုတ္ရင္ မိမိပိုင္ပစၥည္းကိုေရးသားစီမံခန္႕ခြဲႏိုင္တယ္။
၂) ႐ူးသြပ္သူတစ္ဦးဟာ ႐ူးသြပ္တဲ့ေ၀ဒနာ ေပ်ာက္ကင္းၿပီး စိတ္ေကာင္းေနတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ ေသတမ္းစာေရးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
၃)အရက္ေသစာ ၊ မမာမက်န္း ၊ အျခားတစံုတရာ အေၾကာင္းေၾကာင့္ မိမိေရးသားခဲတဲ့ ကိစၥရပ္ေတြကို နားမလည္ႏိုင္တဲ့ အေျခအေန ရွိေနသမွ် ကာလပတ္လံုး ေသတမ္းစာ ေရးမယ္ဆိုလွ်င္ ေသတမ္းစာအတည္မျဖစ္ပါ။
- သာမန္ေသတမ္းစာကို စာနဲ႕ေရးျပီး ေသတမ္းစာေရးသူကိုယ္တိုင္ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါမယ္။
- ေရးသားခ်က္ဟာ ေပးကမ္းသူ ပစၥည္းပိုင္ရွင္ အသက္ထင္ရွားရွိစဥ္ ေရးသားျပီး ေပးကမ္းသူ ေသဆံုးမွ ပစၥည္းစီမံခန္႕ခြဲဖို႕ ေရးသားတာမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ရ ပါမယ္။တစ္နည္းအားျဖင့္ ေသတမ္းစာျဖစ္ေစဖို႕ ရည္ရြယ္ၿပီး ေရးတာမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ရပါမည္။
- ေသတမ္းစာမွန္ကန္ေၾကာင္း သက္ေသ အနည္းဆံုး ႏွစ္ဦး လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါမယ္။
- ေသတမ္းစာမွာ ဘယ္ပစၥည္းကို ဘယ္လို ခြဲေ၀လိုတဲ့အေၾကာင္း ပါရပါမည္။
- ေသတမ္းစာဟာ ျပဳလုပ္ေရးသားသူ ေသဆံုးခ်ိန္ကစၿပီး အက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္ပါတယ္။
- ေသတမ္းစာကို ဘယ္ကာလ မွာမဆို မွတ္ပံုတင္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
- ေသတမ္းစာကို မိမိ အသက္ထင္ရွားရွိေနစဥ္ကာလအတြင္း ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ေရးသားခ်ဳပ္ဆိုႏိုင္သလို ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ ျပန္လည္ရုပ္သိမ္း ႏိုင္ခြင့္ရွိပါတယ္။

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ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲ စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္မည္ဆိုလွ်င္


ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ အသင့္ရိုက္ႏွိပ္ထားတဲ့ စာခ်ဳပ္ ပံုစံမွာ အလြယ္တကူ ေရးျဖည့္ျပီး ခ်ဳပ္ၾကတာမ်ားပါတယ္။
ဒါေပမယ့္ သားေရးသမီးေရးကိစၥ ပစၥည္းခန္းကိစၥေတြ ပါလာရင္ ကြာရွင္းစာခ်ဳပ္ သီးျခားခ်ဳပ္ဆိုဖို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။
ကေလးကို ဘယ္သူတာ၀န္ယူမလဲ ဘယ္သူရဲ႕အုပ္ထန္းခြင့္ေအာက္မွာ ထားမွာလဲ။စည္းကမ္းခ်က္ေတြ ကဘာလဲ။အလားတူ ပစၥည္းခန္းကိစၥ ပါလာရင္ ဘယ္သူက ဘယ္ပစၥည္းကို ယူမွာလဲဆိုတာေတြ စာခ်ဳပ္မွာ တစ္ပါတည္း ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုဖို႕လိုပါတယ္။
၁) တရား၀င္ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲ စာခ်ဳပ္ျပဳလုပ္ေရးသားျပီး အာဏာရ တရားသူၾကီး ေရွ႕ေမွာက္မွာကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲလိုတဲ့အေၾကာင္း လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ ဆႏၵ ကိုယ္စီ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ျပီး လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးၾကရပါမည္။
၂) စာခ်ဳပ္မွာ ေပါင္းသင္းရန္ ဆႏၵမရွိေတာ့တဲ့အေၾကာင္း တိတိက်က် ေဖာ္ျပပါရွိရပါမယ္။
၃) အနည္းဆံုး အသိသက္ေသႏွစ္ဦး ပါ၀င္လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးၾကရပါမယ္။
၄) ၂၅က်ပ္တန္ စာခ်ဳပ္ေခါင္းေပၚမွာ ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုၾကရပါမည္။
၅) ပစၥည္းခြဲေ၀တဲ့ကိစၥပါ စာခ်ဳပ္မွာ ပါ၀င္ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုရင္ မ႐ႊ႕မေျပာင္းႏုိင္တဲ့ ပစၥည္း က်ပ္ ၁၀၀ နဲ႕ အထက္ျဖစ္ရင္ အဲဒီပစၥည္းခြဲေ၀မႈ သီးျခားစာခ်ဳပ္ျပဳလုပ္ရပါမည္။
၆) ထိုစာခ်ဳပ္ကို တရား၀င္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း မွတ္ပံုတင္ျပဳလုပ္ရပါမည္။

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ထိမ္းျမားလက္ထပ္ စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္မည္ဆိုလွ်င္


တရားရံုးကိုသြားၿပီး ကတိလက္ထပ္စာခ်ဳပ္ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကတဲ့ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္း တစ္ရပ္ေပၚေပါက္လာတာ ငယ္ရြယ္သူေတြ အခ်င္းခ်င္း ေမတၱာမွ်ၾကရာက လူၾကီးမိဘမသိေအာင္ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ လူၾကီးမိဘ သေဘာမတူတာကို အကာအကြယ္ရေအာင္ ရည္႐ြယ္ၿပီး ႐ံုးတက္လက္ထက္ရာက ေပၚေပါက္လာတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာဗုဒၶဘာသာ ေယာက်္ားတစ္ေယာက္နဲ႕ မိန္းမတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ တရား၀င္ထိမ္းျမားမႈေျမာက္ဖို႕ ေအာက္ပါအခ်က္ေတြ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။
၁) ေယာက္်ားဟာ အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳဖို႕အတြက္ က်န္းမာသန္စြမ္းရပါမယ္။
၂) မိန္းမဟာ မုဆိုးမ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ တစ္ခုလပ္ တင္လင္ကြာ မဟုတ္ရင္ အသက္(၂၀)ျပည့္ရပါမယ္။အသက္(၂၀)မျပည့္ေသးဘူးဆိုရင္ မိဘဒါမွမဟုတ္ အုပ္ထိန္းသူရဲ႕ သေဘာတူညီခ်က္ရွိရမယ္။
၃) အၾကင္လင္မယားအျဖစ္ အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳမယ္ဆိုတဲ့ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ ႏွစ္ဦးစလံုးမွာ ရွိရပါမယ္။
၄) ႏွစ္ဦးစလံုး စိတ္ေပါ့သြပ္သူေတြ မျဖစ္ေစရပါ။
၅) မိန္းမမွာ မျပတ္စဲေသးတဲ့ တရား၀င္ လင္ေယာက်္ား မရွိေစရပါ။
၆) အထင္အရွား ထိမ္းျမား လက္ထပ္မႈ မျပဳခ့ဲလွ်င္ လင္မယားအျဖစ္ လူတိရွင္ၾကား ေပါင္းသင္းေနထိုင္မႈ ရွိရပါမယ္။
- ၂၅ က်ပ္တန္ စာခ်ဳပ္ေခါင္းေပၚမွာ လက္ထပ္ထိမ္းျမားစာခ်ဳပ္ ရိုက္ႏွိပ္ ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဒါမွမဟုတ္ အသင့္ရိုက္ႏွိပ္ထားတဲ့ စာခ်ဳပ္ေတြေပၚမွာလည္းေရးျဖည့္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
- အမည္၊အသက္၊မွတ္ပံုတင္အမွတ္ ၊ မိဘအမည္ ၊ လူမ်ိဳး ၊ ကိုးကြယ္တဲ့ဘာသာ ၊ အလုပ္အကိုင္ ၊ ေနရပ္လိပ္စာ ေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပရပါမယ္။
- မိမိတို႕ဟာ လြတ္လပ္သူေတြ ျဖစ္ၾကတယ္ဆိုတဲ့အခ်က္ ပါရွိရပါမယ္။မိမိတို႕ႏွစ္ဦး တစ္ဦးနဲ႕တစ္ဦး ေမတၱာသက္၀င္ ခ်စ္ခင္စံုမက္ ႏွစ္သက္ျမတ္ႏိုးၾကတဲ့အတြက္ အၾကင္လင္မယားအျဖစ္ ေပါင္းသင္းေနထိုင္ဖို႕ ရည္စူးၿပီး ထိမ္းျမားမဂၤလာ ကတိသစၥာျပဳလႊာ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကတယ္ဆိုတဲ့အခ်က္ ပါရွိရပါမယ္။
- အာဏာရ တရားသူၾကီးေရွ႕ေမွာက္မွာ ကတိသစၥာျပဳလက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးၾကရပါမယ္။
- အသိသက္ေသ အနည္းဆံုး(၂)ဦး ပါ၀င္လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါမယ္။
- အကယ္၍ မိန္းကေလးအသက္ဟာ(၁၈)ႏွစ္ျပည့္ျပီး ေပမယ့္ အသက္(၂၀)မျပည့္ေသးဘူးဆိုရင္ မိဘအုပ္ထိမ္းသူက သက္ေသအျဖစ္ ပါ၀င္လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါလိမ့္မည္။

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ကိတိၱမသား သမီးေမြးစားမယ္ဆိုလွ်င္


- အသက္(၁၈)ႏွစ္ျပည့္ၿပီးသူေတြကသာ ေမြးစားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
- ေမြးစားသူ အိမ္ေထာင္ရွိလွ်င္ အိမ္ေထာင္ဖက္ရဲ႕ သေဘာတူညီမႈလိုပါတယ္။
- ေမြးစားျခင္းခံရတဲ႕သူဟာ အရြယ္မေရာက္ေသးသူျဖစ္လွ်င္ သူရဲ႕မိဘ(သို႕)အုပ္ထန္းသူေတြရဲ႕ သေဘာတူညီေၾကာင္း လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါမယ္။
- ေမြးစားတဲ့သူ ႏွင့္ ေမြးစားခံရသူ ႏွစ္ဦးစလံုး ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္ေတြျဖစ္ဖို႕လိုပါတယ္
- ေမြးစားျခင္းမွာ အေမြစားအေမြခံအျဖစ္ ေမြးစားေၾကာင္း စာခ်ဳပ္မွာ ေပၚလြင္ဖို႕လိုပါတယ္။

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ကိတိၱမသား သမီးအျဖစ္ ပယ္ဖ်က္လိုလွ်င္


- ကိတိၱမအျဖစ္ ေမြးစားထားျပီးျဖစ္တဲ့ ေမြးစားမိဘေတြအေနနဲ႕ ေမြးစားျခင္းကို သူတို႕ရဲ႕ဆႏၵ တစ္ခုတည္းနဲ႕ မပယ္ဖ်တ္ႏိုင္ပါ။ေမြးစားသားသမီးရဲ႕သေဘာတူညီခ်က္ မရဘဲ ေမြးစားျခင္းကို မပယ္ဖ်တ္ႏိုင္ဆိုတဲ့သေဘာပါ။
- ေမြးစားသူ ရဟန္းေဘာင္၀င္သြားရင္ ေမြးစားျခင္း ပ်က္ျပယ္ပါသည္။
- ရဟန္းျပဳသူလူထြက္က ထပ္မံေမြးစားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
- ထပ္မံေမြးစားတာမ်ိဳးမလုပ္ရင္ ေမြးစားသားသမီးအျဖစ္ျပန္မရပါ။
- မိရင္းဘရင္းေတြ အေနနဲ႕ ေမြးစားတဲ့ကေလး အရြယ္မေရာက္မီျပန္ေခၚယူႏိုင္ခြင့္ရွိပါတယ္
- ေမြးစားတဲ့ မိဘေတြအေနနဲ႕ ေမြးစားတဲ့ သားသမီးရဲ႕ မိရင္းဖရင္း နည္းတူ သူတစ္ပါးကို ေမြးစားဖို႕ ထပ္ဆင့္ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

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ကိတိၱမသားသမီး ႏွင့္ သားရင္းသမီးရင္း ကြာျခားမႈ


၁) ကိတိၱမေမြးစားသားသမီးေတြဟာ ဘယ္အေၾကာင္းနဲ႕မွ ၾသရသ အျဖစ္ မရႏိုင္ပါ။
၂) ေမြးစားတဲ့မိဘေတြအေနနဲ႕ ဗုဒၶဘာသာကိုစြန္႕ၿပီးခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ သားသမီးေမြးစားတာကို အသိအမွတ္မျပဳတဲ့ အျခားသာသာကို ကူးေျပာင္းရင္ ကိတိၱမေမြးစားသားသမီးေတြရဲ႕ အေမြခံစားခြင့္ ဆံုး႐ႈံးတယ္။
၃) ေမြးစားတဲ့မိဘေတြဟာ သူတို႕ရဲ႕ မိဘေတြထံက အေမြဆက္ခံခြင့္ရွိေပမယ့္ ပစၥညး္လက္ေရာက္ မရေသးမီ ေသဆံုးရင္ ကိတိၱမ သားသမီးေတြဟာ အေမြပစၥည္းရဲ႕ တစ္၀တ္ကိုသာ ရခြင့္ရွိတယ္။
က်န္တစ္၀တ္ကို ေမြးစားမိဘရဲ႕ သားခ်င္းေတြကရတယ္။

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ေမြးစားစာခ်ဳပ္ ခ်ဳပ္မည္ဆိုလွ်င္

Posted by an@w on 11:17 PM

ျမန္မာ့ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္းဥပေဒအရ သားသမီး ေမြးစားျခင္း သံုးမ်ိဳးရွိပါသည္။
၁) ကိတိၱမ
ကိတိၱမဆိုတာ အေမြခံသားအျဖစ္ အထင္အရွားေမြးတဲ့သားျဖစ္ပါသည္။
ကိတၱိမသားေတြကို မွတ္ပံုတင္စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္ၿပီးမွ ေမြးရပါတယ္။ဒါမွ တရား၀င္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
၂) အပတိဌ
အပတိဌ သားသမီး ေတြကို ဓမၼသတ္ေတြမွာ ေကာက္၍ေမြးတဲ႕သား လို႕ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။
အပတိဌသားသမီးေတြက ကိတိၱမ သားသမီးေတြလို မိဘအေမြကို ဆက္ခံဖို႕ ရည္စူးၿပီး ေမြးစားတာမ်ိဳး မဟုတ္ဘဲ အမွတ္တမဲ့ေမြးစားတဲ့ ေမြးစားသားသမီးေတြသာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
၃) ဆာတဘတၳ
ဆာတဘတၳ သားသမီး ေတြကေတာ့ ထမင္းငတ္မြတ္တဲ့အခါမွာ မွီခိုလာတဲ့သား ၊ ေလလြင့္ငတ္မြတ္ေနသူကို ေမြးစားမိဘက သနားလို႕ေခၚယူေကြ်းေမြးျခင္းမွ်သာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဘာအခြင့္အေရးမွ မရွိပါ၊ မရပါ။

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ေပးကမ္းျခင္းစာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္မယ္ဆိုလွ်င္


စိန္ေ႐ႊ အစရွိတဲ့ေ႐ႊ႕ေျပာင္းႏိုင္တဲ့ပစၥသည္း ေတြကို ေပးကမ္းတဲ့ေနရာမွာ စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္ၿပီးေပးလို႕လည္းရသလို စာခ်ဳပ္မခ်ဳပ္ဘဲ ေပးလို႕လဲရပါတယ္။
ေျမအိမ္ စတဲ့မေ႐ႊ႕ မေျပာင္းႏိုင္တဲ့ပစၥည္း တစ္စံုတစ္ရာကိုေပးကမ္းမယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ေပးကမ္းျခင္းစာခ်ဳပ္ ျပဳလုပ္ရတယ္။
ေပးကမ္းျခင္းစာခ်ဳပ္ ဟာေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ျဖစ္ရပါမယ္ -
၁) စာခ်ဳပ္စာတမ္း ျပဳလုပ္ရပါမယ္။
၂) အနည္းဆံုး သက္ေသႏွစ္ေယာက္ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါမယ္။
၃) အလိုအေလ်ာက္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာတဲ႕ ေမတၱာသက္၀င္မႈအရ ေပးတာ ျဖစ္ရမယ္။
၄) ပစၥည္းရသူ (သို႕) ပစၥည္းရသူရဲ႕ကိုယ္စားလွယ္က ပစၥည္းေပးကမ္းတာကို သေဘာတူတဲ့အေၾကာင္း လက္ခံတဲ့အေၾကာင္း ဖြင့္ဟ ၀န္ခံၿပီး လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးရပါမယ္။
၅) စာခ်ဳပ္ကို ေရစစၥရီမွတ္ပံုတင္ ျပဳလုပ္ရပါမယ္။
စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုတဲ့ေနရာမွာ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ တံဆိပ္ေခါင္း အလံု အေလာက္ နဲ႕ စာခ်ဳပ္နဲ႕ ေရးသားခ်ဳပ္ဆို ရပါတယ္။အဆိုပါစာခ်ဳပ္ကို မွတ္ပံုတင္ရပါမယ္။
- ေပးကမ္းျခင္းခံရသူက ေပးကမ္းျခင္းကို လက္ခံသေဘာတူေၾကာင္း ေဖာ္ျပပါရွိရပါမယ္။
- ေပးကမ္းတဲ့ပစၥည္း စာရင္းဇယား ေဖာ္ျပပါရွိရပါမယ္။
- ဆိုင္ရာက ထုတ္ေပးတဲ့ ပစၥည္းတည္ရွိရာေျမပံု ေျမရာဇ၀င္ ပူးတြဲ ပါရွိရပါမယ္။
- ေပးကမ္းသူပိုင္ဆိုင္ေၾကာင္း ပိုင္ဆိုင္မႈဆိုင္ရာ အေထာက္အထား ပူးတြဲေဖာ္ျပ ပါရွိရပါမယ္။
- ေပးကမ္းစဥ္မွာ ေပးသူအေနနဲ႕ အသက္ရွင္လ်က္ရွိၿပီးမွ ေပးႏိုင္ခြင့္ ရွိပါတယ္။
- လက္ခံသူအေနနဲ႕လည္း အသက္ရွင္ဆဲ လက္ခံႏိုင္တယ္။ ေသဆံုးမွ ဆိုရင္ ေပးကမ္းျခင္း ပ်က္ျပယ္ပါတယ္။
- အနာဂတ္ ပစၥည္းကို ေပးကမ္းျခင္း မျပဳႏိုင္ပါ။
- အေပးခံရသူဟာ တစ္ဦးထက္ပိုေနၿပီး တစ္ဦးက ေပးကမ္းတာကို လက္မခံရင္ လက္မခံသူအတြက္သာ ေပးကမ္းျခင္း ပ်က္ျပယ္ၿပီး က်န္လက္ခံ သူေတြအတြက္ ေပးကမ္းျခင္း အတည္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
- ေပးသူပိုင္ ပစၥည္းအားလံုးကို ေပးတာဆိုရင္ ေပးစဥ္ခါက ေပးသူမွာ တင္ရွိေနတဲ့ ေႀကြးၿမီအားလံုးအတြက္ ေပးတဲ့ပစၥည္းနဲ႕အညီ လက္ခံသူအေပၚမွာ တာ၀န္ရွိပါတယ္။

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၂) ၿဂိဳလ္ေျပနာမ္ေျပ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း

ျမန္မာဗုဒၶဘာသာမ်ားတြင္ ေဗဒင္ကိန္းခန္းကို ယံုစားသူမ်ားလည္းရွိပါသည္။လင္မယားတဦးဦး မက်န္းမာလွ်င္(သို႕) စီးပြားေရး အဆင္မေျပလွ်င္ ေဗဒင္ယံုစားသူမ်ားသည္ ေဗဒင္ေမးေလ့ရွိပါသည္။ေဗဒင္ဆရာက လင္မယားကြဲကန္းၾကံဳေနသည္ က်ိန္းေက်ေအာင္ ယၾတာေခ်သည့္အေနျဖင့္ လင္မယား ဟန္ေဆာင္ကြာရမည္ စသည္ျဖင့္ ေဟာ၍ စတိျဖစ္ လင္မယား ဟန္ေဆာင္ကြာလွ်င္ ယင္းကြာရွင္းျခင္းကို ” ၿဂိဳလ္ေျပနံေျပ ကြာရွင္းျခင္း ” ဟုေခၚပါသည္။
ထိုသို႕ကြာရွင္းျခင္းသည္ ဓမၼသတ္မ်ားတြင္ မပါရွိပါ။သို႕ေသာ္ တရားရံုးမ်ား အေနႏွင့္ နားလည္လက္ခံပါသည္။
သို႕ေသာ္ ဟန္ေဆာင္ထိမ္းျမားျခင္း အရွက္ေျပထိမ္းျမားျခင္း တို႕ကိုမူ ခြင့္မျပဳပါ။

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၁) ႏွစ္ဦးသေဘာတူ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း

ျမန္မာ့ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္းဥပေဒ အရ တရား၀င္ လင္မယား ေျမာက္ရန္ အဓိကလိုအပ္ခ်က္သည္ ထမ္းျမားသူႏွစ္ဦး၏ ဆႏၵတူညီမႈ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ထိုနည္းတူ လင္မယားတရား၀င္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲေရးတြင္လည္း လင္ႏွင့္ မယားတို႕၏ ဆႏၵတူညီမႈသည္ အဓိက လိုအပ္ခ်က္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
ဥပမာ - လင္မယား စကားမ်ားပီး အိမ္ကဆင္းသြားသည့္ မယားထံ လင္က ဘယ္ေန႕ဘယ္ရက္ ျပန္မလာရင္ မင္းႏွင့္ငါ ျပတ္ျပီလို႕မွတ္လိုက္ ဟုစာေရးပါမည္။မယားကလည္း ဂ်င္းစိမ္းနဲ႕ မိႆလင္ သူၾကင္မွ ကိုယ္ၾကင္ မယ္ဆိုၿပီး ရွင္ျပတ္လဲ က်မကလဲျပတ္တာေပါ့ဟု စာျပန္ေရး သည့္ကိစၥ သည္ႏွစ္ဦး သေဘာတူကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲရာ မေရာက္ပါ။စာမွာ ေဒါသအေလ်ာက္ ေရးသားေၾကာင္း ထင္ရွားလွ်င္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲ ျခင္းသည္ မခိုင္လံုပါ။
ထို႕နည္းတူပင္ မိန္းမ႐ူးေနစဥ္ ေယာက်္ားက ျပတ္စဲလိုေၾကာင္း စာေပးလွ်င္လဲ လင္မယားအရာ မျပတ္ႏိုင္ပါ။
အေၾကာင္းမွာ ႐ူးေနသူသည္ ပဋိညာဥ္မျပဳႏိုင္၍ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

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ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း


ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း တြင္
၁) ႏွစ္ဦးသေဘာတူ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
၂) ၿဂိဳလ္ေျပနာမ္ေျပ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
၃) အိမ္ေထာင္ေရးျပစ္ခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
၄) အိမ္ေထာင္ေရး ျပစ္ခ်က္မရွိဘဲ တဖတ္သတ္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္ စဲျခင္း
၅) ကံမစပ္၍ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
တို႕ ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။

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Posted by an@w on 11:38 PM in


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Posted by an@w on 11:35 PM in

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မယားေခၚလိုမႈ

Posted by an@w on 11:05 PM in
မယားေခၚလိုမႈစြဲၾကသည့္ အေၾကာင္းအရင္းမွာ ေခၚလိုမႈစြဲ၍ ႏိုင္လွ်င္ လင္သည္ မယားကို အဓမၼေခၚခြင့္ ရွိ၍မဟုတ္ပါ။ေခၚခြင့္ျပဳလ်က္ လိုက္ပါမေနသည့္မယားကို လင္တြင္ မယားစရိတ္ ေပးရန္ တာ၀န္မရွိ၍ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ေနာက္တခ်က္မွာ ယင္းသို႕ ေခၚလိုခြင့္ ရထားသည့္ လင္ႏွင့္ အဆိုပါမယား တရား၀င္ကြာရွင္းခြင့္ မရသမွ် ေနာက္အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳခြင့္ မရွိ၍ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ေနာက္အိမ္ေထာင္ ျပဳမိပါက ” ျပစ္မႈဆိုင္ရာ ဥပေဒ ” ပုဒ္မ-၄၉၇ (သို႕) ၄၉၉ အရ အေရးယူခံရဘြယ္ ရွိသည္ကို သတိထားအပ္ပါသည္။

ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း တြင္
၁) ႏွစ္ဦးသေဘာတူ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
၂) ၿဂိဳလ္ေျပနာမ္ေျပ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
၃) အိမ္ေထာင္ေရးျပစ္ခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
၄) အိမ္ေထာင္ေရး ျပစ္ခ်က္မရွိဘဲ တဖတ္သတ္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္ စဲျခင္း
၅) ကံမစပ္၍ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္း
တို႕ ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။

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မယားစရိတ္

Posted by an@w on 11:04 PM in
ျပစ္မႈေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ျဖစ္ေစ၊တရားမေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ျဖစ္ေစ မယာစရိတ္ ေတာင္းခံလွ်င္ ဆိုင္ရာတရား႐ံုးသည္ ေအာက္ပါ အေၾကာင္း အခ်က္တို႕ကို အဓိကထားစီစစ္ပါသည္။
၁ ။ အခ်င္းျဖစ္ ဇနီးေမာင္ႏွံမွာ သူတို႕ႏွင့္ဆိုင္သည့္ ဥပေဒအရတရား၀င္ လင္မယား ေျမာက္သလား
၂ ။ သူတို႕ႏွစ္ဦးသည္ တရား၀င္ ကြာရွင္းျပတ္စဲျခင္းရွိသလား၊
၃ ။ မယာျဖစ္သူသည္ လင္ျဖစ္သူႏွင့္ အတူတကြမေနထိုင္က မေနထိုင္ျခင္းအတြက္ လံုေလာက္ေသာ အေၾကာင္းရွိသလား၊
၄ ။ လင္ျဖစ္သူတြင္ ၀င္ေငြရွိသလား။
၅ ။ မယားျဖစ္သူကို ေထာက္ပံ့ရန္ပ်က္ကြက္သလား (သို႕) ေထာက္ပံ့ရန္ ျငင္းဆန္ေနသလား။
ယင္းအခ်က္မ်ားကို တရား႐ံုးက စီစစ္ျခင္းမွာ အခ်င္းျဖစ္လင္မယား ႏွစ္ဦးႏွစ္ဖက္အက်ိဳးအတြက္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
လင္ျဖစ္သူအတြက္ သူ႕တြင္ တရားမ၀င္သည့္တာ၀န္ မက်ေရာက္ေစရန္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ထိုနည္းတူ မယားျဖစ္သူ အတြက္ လင္၏ ခ်ိဳ႕ယြင္းမႈေၾကာင့္ လင္ႏွင့္ အတူတကြေနထိုင္ ရန္လည္းမျဖစ္ ၊ လင္ကိုမွီခိုအားထားရသျဖင့္ ကြာရွင္း ျပတ္စဲရန္လည္းမျဖစ္ ဆုပ္လဲစူး စားလဲ႐ူး ဆိုေသာ အျဖစ္မ်ိဳးက ကင္းေ၀းေစရန္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

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Buddhist Law

Posted by an@w on 3:42 AM in
In the case of Muslims, though there may be different schools or sects, there is still one body of Islamic Law for all Muslims. The same applies to the body of Hindu Law for all Hindus. However, “Buddhist” is a much wider term and may be somewhat misleading in the context of law, as it includes many nationalities other than Burmese. There is no Buddhist law for all Buddhists, although the Vinaya7 has remained largely the same throughout Buddhist countries. Although this is largely concerned with the life of Buddhist monks and nuns who in prac- tice keep aloof from worldly affairs, it would be a mistake to think of the Vinaya as nothing more than minutiae about monastic dress and monastic eating times. Samantapasadika (CPD 1.2, 1)8 is the great 5th century commentary on the Vi- naya, allegiance to which practically defines what it means to be a Theravada Buddhist. One third of it is devoted to the discussion of just three of the 227 rules of the Patimokkha9, those concerning theft, murder and unlawful sex. As long as Southeast Asian authors of law texts have been interested in regulating these three activities, they have borrowed from the Vinaya.
If the Buddhist Law for those living outside the monasteries, as accepted by the Courts of Burma, was Burmese Buddhist Law10, there is the legal question as to whether it would be obligatory on the part of the courts in Burma to apply it to Buddhists from other countries.11 And then there is another legal question, con- cerning the difference between the terms Burman and Burmese. “These two Eng- lish terms were used interchangeably in colonial times. It was only in 1935 when a distinction arose. ‘Burman’ came to be the designation of the ethnic majority and ‘Burmese’ that of inhabitants of the country as a whole”.12
Although Burmese Buddhist Law has undergone changes, the original content remained basically the same. Under British colonial rule it did not extend be- yond the Buddhist people to whom it applied. Most ethnic minorities in Burma were under a separate judicial and administrative system; they had their own substantive and procedural laws in contradiction to the laws that applied else- where in Burma. According to the Burma Laws Act of 1898, for example, the civil, criminal and revenue administration of each of the Shan States was vested in the respective Chief of the State.13 British judges responsible for the administration of civil justice in Burma did not always fully understand Buddhist Law. Therefore they often used a two-volume reference work of Burmese legal treatises called “The 36 Dhammathats”.14 Sir John Jardine, the Judicial Commissioner of British Burma, researched the area of Buddhist Law even further.15 Eventually his work proved invaluable to Brit- ish judges in Burma. In his law research he found that the Buddhist law called Manugye was most complete. It was written in Burmese prose and was translated by the Principal Assistant to the Commissioner of Tenasserim, Richardson. It was published in 1847 in both English and Burmese versions. It was thus the first translation in English and one of the fullest compilations of Burmese Bud- dhist Law, existing even before the occupation of Lower Burma. In 1951, dur- ing a case before the Supreme Court, the reliability and viability of the Manugye were finally challenged. Due to errors in the translations of the Manugye, the Court had great difficulty to appraise the authority of Buddhist Law.16

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Law and Religion in Burma

Posted by an@w on 5:39 AM in
Burma was annexed by the British through the three wars in 1824-1826, 1852- 1853 and 1885-1886. When colonial rule started, it was British policy (as in other British colonies) not to interfere with local religion. The British did not want to create further confrontations. If they had not adopted this policy, there would have been more uprisings and more discontent among the people. And that would have endangered the position of the British. The policy reflected the experience of the colonial administrators in the implementation of colonial rule in India in the 18th century.
The experience gained was included in the provision of the Charter of Mayor Courts granted in 1753. This Charter indicated a reservation to the native resi- dents in the British territories in India of their laws and customs.1 The policy was repeated in the provision of Warren Hastings’ 23rd rule of 1772. It said with regard to civil rights that in cases of marriage, inheritance, caste, and other reli- gious usages the laws of the Koran with respect to Muslims, and those of the Shaster with respect to Hindus, should be invariably adhered to.
This guideline of colonial policy was included in the Act of Settlement in 1781. The Act confirmed the preservation of the religious laws of Hindus and Mus- lims. It directed that all matters relating to inheritance, succession and contract were to be determined for Muslims and Hindus by their own respective laws; and where only one of the parties was a Muslim or Hindu by the laws of the defendant.
The Charter Act of 1833 referred to such laws. It declared that they should be ascertained, enacted, consolidated and amended wherever necessary. In this re- gard a Law Commission was established. This Commission knew that it would be unattainable to bring all people in India under the same law. Therefore the principle of the Commission was “uniformity where you can have it, diversity where you must have it, but in all cases certainty”.2 However, the task of codifi- cation was never completed.
Provisions with respect to religion were found in most of the Acts of the several provinces of India.3 Religious customs having the force of law were also recog- nized in the laws of the Punjab.4 The policy was again put into force in the Government of India Acts of 1914 and 1935. So the preservation of laws in the area of religion was not a new concept when colonial rule began in Burma.

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